Evaluation of Extraction Methods on the Antioxidant Potential of Balik Angin Leaves Ethanol Extract (Alphitonia incana (Roxb.) Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20527/jps.v13i1.24662Kata Kunci:
Balik Angin Leaf, Natural Antioxidant, Maceration, Soxhlet, EndemicAbstrak
Alphitonia incana, also known locally as balik angin, is an endemic natural antioxidant plant of Borneo. The objective of the present work was to compare the effectiveness of maceration and Soxhlet extraction of balik angin leaves with respect to antioxidant activity and phenolic–flavonoid content. Ethanolic extracts were prepared using both extraction methods, and the phenolic-flavonoid content was quantified spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant performance was assessed through DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP assays. The findings revealed that the Soxhlet-derived extract contained higher concentrations of phenolic-flavonoid compounds than those produced by maceration. In addition, the Soxhlet-derived extract demonstrated stronger antioxidant activity, as evidenced by lower IC₅₀ and EC₅₀ values in the DPPH (10.872 ppm) and CUPRAC (6.578 ppm) assays compared with the macerated extract (IC₅₀ 13.127 ppm; EC₅₀ 14.034 ppm) and was classified as a very strong antioxidant. The FRAP assay further supported these results, with ferric reducing power values of 1,484.1 mg AAE/g extract for the Soxhlet-derived extract and 1,295.8 mg AAE/g extract for the macerated sample. Overall, the study concludes that Soxhlet extraction is more effective than maceration in enhancing the antioxidant potential of balik angin leaf, a result that is closely associated with their elevated phenolic and flavonoid content.Referensi
Ahmad, Z., Rauf, A., Orhan, I. E., Mubarak, M. S., Akram, Z., Islam, M. R., Imran, M., Edis, Z., Kondapavuluri, B. K., Thangavelu, L., & Thiruvengadam, M. (2025). Antioxidant Potential of Polyphenolic Compounds, Sources, Extraction, Purification and Characterization Techniques: A Focused Review. Food Science and Nutrition, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.71259
Ahmed, J., Salim, K. A., Lim, L. B. L., & Jama, A. M. (2019). Evaluation of antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of leaves, barks, stems and fruits of Alphitonia philippinensis (Rhamnaceae) from Brunei Darussalam. Pharmacognosy Journal, 11(5), 951–961. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.151
Al Omar, R., Micklewright, R., Masud, K., Naz, T., Vemulpad, S., & Jamie, J. (2022). The genus Alphitonia Reissek ex Endl. (Rhamnaceae): A review of its customary uses, phytochemistry and biological activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 294, 115168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.115168
Alsaleem, K. A., Elfaruk, M. S., & Hammam, A. R. A. (2020). Estimation of antioxidants activity and capacity to capture free radical using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 14(11), 86–93. https://doi.org/10.22587/ajbas.2020.14.11.9
Baliyan, S., Mukherjee, R., Priyadarshini, A., Vibhuti, A., Gupta, A., Pandey, R. P., & Chang, C. M. (2022). Determination of Antioxidants by DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Ficus religiosa. Molecules, 27(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041326
Cao, S., Liang, J., Chen, M., Xu, C., Wang, X., Qiu, L., Zhao, X., & Hu, W. (2025). Comparative analysis of extraction technologies for plant extracts and absolutes. Frontiers in Chemistry, 13, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2025.1536590
Cock, I. E. (2020). Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Benth. Leaf Extracts Inhibit the Growth of a Panel of Pathogenic Bacteria. Pharmacognosy Communications, 10(2), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.5530/pc.2020.2.14
Fawwaz, M., Pratama, M., Musafira, M., Wahab, I., Iriani, R., Aminah, A., Kusuma, A. T., & Arsul, M. I. (2023). Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Vernonia amygdalina Leaves and Its Flavonoid-Phenolic Content. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 10(2), 104. https://doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v10i2.41617
Figura, M., & Fatokun, A. A. (2025). Flavonoids and related compounds targeting pathomechanisms of Parkinson’s Disease – from bench to bedside: A focused review of current perspectives, clinical trial outcomes, and future directions. Phytomedicine Plus, 5(4), 100861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2025.100861
Forestryana, D., Pebrianie, S., Ramadhan, H., & Restapaty, R. (2024). Formulation of Wound Healing Hydrogel from 70% Ethanol Extract of Kelakai Roots (Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. F.) Bedd) with Polymer Combination of PVA/HPMC. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community, 21(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.005291
Forestryana, D., Ramadhan, H., Sayakti, P. I., Nurjanah, T., & Faradillah, N. (2022). Identification Of Essential Oils From The Bark Of Balik Angin (Alphitonia Incana (Roxb.) Teijsm. & Binn. Ex Kurz). Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 1(1), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v1i1.42498
Frenț, O. D., Stefan, L., Morgovan, C. M., Duteanu, N., Dejeu, I. L., Marian, E., Vicaș, L., & Manole, F. (2024). A Systematic Review: Quercetin—Secondary Metabolite of the Flavonol Class, with Multiple Health Benefits and Low Bioavailability. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(22), 1–47. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212091
Fuentes, R. G., Valenciano, A. L., Cassera, M. B., & Kingston, D. G. I. (2020). Antiproliferative and antiplasmodial investigation of Alphitonia excelsa and Arcangelesia flava. Philippine Journal of Science, 149(1), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.56899/149.01.12
Gulcin, İ. (2025). Antioxidants: a comprehensive review. Archives of Toxicology, 99(5), 1893–1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-025-03997-2
Hasnaeni, H., Wisdawati, W., & Usman, S. (2019). Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi Terhadap Rendemen Dan Kadar Fenolik Ekstrak Tanaman Kayu Beta-Beta (Lunasia amara Blanco). Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal), 5(2), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2019.v5.i2.13149
He, L., He, T., Farrar, S., Ji, L., Liu, T., & Ma, X. (2017). Antioxidants Maintain Cellular Redox Homeostasis by Elimination of Reactive Oxygen Species. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 44(2), 532–553. https://doi.org/10.1159/000485089
Hidayati, S. (2025). Perbandingan Metode Ekstraksi Sokhletasi dan Maserasi Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Ciplukan (Physalis angulata). Pharmacon, 14(2), 960–967. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.14.2025.57719
Isnindar, I., Luliana, S., & Zahid, M. (2025). Effect of extraction, ratio, and solvent concentration on total flavonoid content and antioxidant activit of singkel (Premna serratifolia linn.) using DPPH method. Jurnal Teknosains, 14(2), 103. https://doi.org/10.22146/teknosains.100099
Kapoor, B., Bhardwaj, S., Singh, R., Sharma, A., Dolma, Y., Sharma, A., Sharma, N. R., Landi, M., & Kapoor, D. (2025). Multifaceted role of plant polyphenols in human health: a comprehensive review. Food Science and Biotechnology, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-025-01991-z
Ki, M. R., Youn, S., Kim, D. H., & Pack, S. P. (2024). Natural Compounds for Preventing Age-Related Diseases and Cancers. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(14), 7530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147530
Marjoni, M. R., Nofita, D., Rahmi, N., Saifullah, & Najla, N. A. (2018). Phenolics compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity methanol extract of arum manis leaves (Mangifera indica L. Var. Arumanis). International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 12(3), S651–S656. https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v12i03.2034
Mendoza-Wilson, A. M., Balandrán-Quintana, R. R., Valdés-Covarrubias, M. Ã., & Cabellos, J. L. (2022). Potential of quercetin in combination with antioxidants of different polarity incorporated in oil-in-water nanoemulsions to control enzymatic browning of apples. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1254, 132372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132372
Mungwari, C. P., King’ondu, C. K., Sigauke, P., & Obadele, B. A. (2025). Conventional and modern techniques for bioactive compounds recovery from plants: Review. Scientific African, 27, e02509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02509
Munteanu, I. G., & Apetrei, C. (2021). Analytical methods used in determining antioxidant activity: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7), 3380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380
Münzel, T., Hahad, O., Sørensen, M., Lelieveld, J., Duerr, G. D., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., & Daiber, A. (2022). Environmental risk factors and cardiovascular diseases: a comprehensive expert review. Cardiovascular Research, 118(14), 2880–2902. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvab316
Osorio-Tobón, J. F. (2020). Recent advances and comparisons of conventional and alternative extraction techniques of phenolic compounds. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(12), 4299–4315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04433-2
Purnama, S., Ramadhan, H., & Putri, I. S. (2022). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Fraksi N-Heksan dari Ekstrak Metanol Daun Binjai Mangifera caesia Jack. Ex. Wall Menggunakan Metode DPPH. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 20(1), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v20i1.1133
Ramadhan, H., Andina, L., Vebruati, V., Nafila, N., Yuliana, K. A., Baidah, D., & Lestari, N. P. (2020). Phytochemical Screening And Randemen Comparison Of 96% Ethanol Extract Of Terap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) Leaf, Flesh And Peel. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari, 11(2), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.52434/jfb.v11i2.876
Ramadhan, H., & Forestryana, D. (2021). The effect of different extraction methods on the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in galam sawdust (Melaleuca leucadendron linn.). Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 5(5), 805–808. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i5.2
Ramadhan, H., Forestryana, D., Adisaputra, G. T., & Muharram, S. R. (2022). Effect of Vanillin Quality on the Synthesis and Solid Dispersion Systems on Pgv-0 Antioxidant Capacity. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 14(Special Issue 2), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2022.v14s2.44746
Ramadhan, H., Forestryana, D., Muthia, R., Fitriyanti, Helmina, R., & Fahriana, Y. (2024). Formulasi Gel Ekstrak Metanol Daun Balik Angin ( Alphitonia incana ( Roxb .) Teijsm . & Binn . Ex Kurz ). Farmasains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kefarmasian, 11(2), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.22236/farmasains.v11i2.9863
Ramadhan, H., Forestryana, D., Subareng, A. R. M., & Vebruati. (2025). The Effect of Different Soxhlet Extraction Solvents Towards Anti-Propionibacterium acnes Activity of Balik Angin Leaves (Alphitonia incana (Roxb.) Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz). Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal), 11(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2025.v11.i1.16634
Ramadhan, H., Forestryana, D., Sayakti, P. I., Susiani, E. F., Pambudi, D. R., Rosyada, A., Khairany, N., Izzatul, W., Dewi, W. A., & Syifa, N. (2025). Comparison of Maceration and Soxhlet Towards Phenolic-Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Leaves Methanolic Extract of Alphitonia Incana. Proceeding ICSNPH, 57–69.
Ramadhan, H., Muthia, R., Wahyunita, S., Forestryana, D., Soleha, S. M., & Lihimi, L. (2023). Comparison of Extraction Solvents Towards Anti-Propionibacterium acnes activity of Alphitonia incana (Roxb). Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz Leaves. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, SUPP1(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v0i0.45897
Ramadhan, H., Rezky, D. P., & Susiani, E. F. (2021). Penetapan Kandungan Total Fenolik-Flavonoid pada Fraksi Etil Asetat Kulit Batang Kasturi (Mangifera casturi Kosterman). Jurnal Farmasi Dan Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 8(1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v8i12021.58-67
Ramadhan, H., Susiani, E. F., Forestryana, D., Raflianti, D., Azizah, H. N., & Iedliany, F. (2024). Comparison of maceration and infundation towards antioxidant capacity of leaves aqueous extracts of balik angin (Alphitonia incana (Roxb.) Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz). Pharmacy Education, 24(6), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.246.714
Sayakti, P. I., Anisa, N., & Ramadhan, H. (2022). Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) using CUPRAC method. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 97–106. https://doi.org/10.20885/jif.specialissue2022.art12
Sun, S., Yu, Y., Jo, Y., Han, J. H., Xue, Y., Cho, M., Bae, S. J., Ryu, D., Park, W., Ha, K. T., & Zhuang, S. (2025). Impact of extraction techniques on phytochemical composition and bioactivity of natural product mixtures. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 16, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1615338
Sutomo, S., Arnida, A., Rizki, M. I., Triyasmono, L., Nugroho, A., Mintowati, E., & Salamiah, S. (2016). Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Kualitatif Aktivitas Antioksidan Tumbuhan Asal Daerah Rantau Kabupaten Tapin Kalimantan Selatan. Jurnal Pharmascience, 3(1), 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jps.v3i1.5836
Tumilaar, S. G., Hardianto, A., Dohi, H., & Kurnia, D. (2023). A Comprehensive Review of Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Overview, Clinical Applications, Global Perspectives, Future Directions, and Mechanisms of Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Compounds. Journal of Chemistry, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5594386
Tungmunnithum, D., Thongboonyou, A., Pholboon, A., & Yangsabai, A. (2018). Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds from Medicinal Plants for Pharmaceutical and Medical Aspects: An Overview. Medicines, 5(3), 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030093
Wardah, W., & Sundari, S. (2019). Ethnobotany study of Dayak society medicinal plants utilization in Uut Murung District, Murung Raya Regency, Central Kalimantan. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 298(1), 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/298/1/012005
Yahyaoui, M., Ghazouani, N., Sifaoui, I., & Abderrabba, M. (2017). Comparison of the Effect of Various Extraction Methods on the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Thymelaea hirsuta L. aerial parts in Tunisia. Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia, 14(3), 997–1007. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2534
Yuliani, C. R., Ramadhan, H., Sayakti, P. I., & Torizellia, C. (2022). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of n-hexane fraction in binjai leaves (Mangifera caesia Jack. ex. Wall). Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 11–19. https://doi.org/10.20885/jif.specialissue2022.art2
Yunitrianti, Elya, B., & Noviani, A. (2020). Determination of the antioxidant activity of prasman leaf extracts (Ayapana Triplinervis [VAHL]) and the total flavonoid and phenol contents of the most active extracts. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 12(Special Issue 1), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s1.FF021
##submission.downloads##
##submission.additionalFiles##
Diterbitkan
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
.jpg)
