Jurnal Pharmascience

Antibiotics Without Prescription: Factors Affecting Sales and Purchases in the South Banjarbaru District

Rahmayanti Fitriah — 2026-03-31

Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections and should only be obtained with a doctorâ€™s prescription. However, many people in Indonesia acquire them without one, and regulations are not fully enforced across regions. This study aimed to identify factors influencing the sale and purchase of non-prescription antibiotics. A quantitative approach was used, employing purposive sampling for sales factors and proportional random sampling for purchase factors, with data collected via questionnaires. Data were analyzed using univariate (frequency distribution), bivariate (Kendallâ€™s tau test), and factor analysis methods. Results showed that antibiotic sales without prescriptions were at a moderate level (50%), while purchases were at a low level (65.3%). There was no significant relationship between antibiotic sales and purchases without prescriptions in South Banjarbaru District. The factors that most influence sales are integrity, financial, legal and critical sense, as well as external pressure, while the factors that influence purchasing are integrity, financial,Â ease of access, knowledge, and recommendations/information from others.

Effectiveness Probiotics as Anti-Aging for Facial Skin: A Systematic Review

Putu Adinda Novyta Arsha Putri — 2026-03-31

Premature skin aging is increasingly prevalent among individuals in their mid-20s to 30s, influenced by genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Probiotics have emerged as a promising natural intervention to address this issue. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oral and topical probiotics in preventing and managing signs of premature skin aging. A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus was conducted for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) published between 2020 and 2025, using PICO-based inclusion and exclusion criteria. Methodological quality was assessed with the JBI checklist. Of 202 articles screened, eight RCTs were included. Results showed that oral probiotics improved skin quality by enhancing collagen production (24%), hydration (18%), and antioxidant activity, while topical probiotics reduced wrinkles (22%) and increased skin density (15%). In conclusion, oral and topical probiotics represent effective dual strategies for combating premature skin aging, though further studies are needed to optimize strain-specific formulations.

Determination of Total Phenolic and Caffeine Content and Their Correlation with Antioxidant Activity in Local Coffee Brews from South Kalimantan

Nashrul Wathan — 2026-03-31

Coffee brews are widely consumed beverages known to contain bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds and caffeine that provide health benefits, including antioxidant activity. The objective of this research is to evaluate the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and caffeine content of coffee brews made from local coffee beans of South Kalimantan, demonstrating their potential as functional beverages with health promoting properties. The local coffee beans used in this study originated from Pengaron, Aranio, Mataraman and Bati-Bati. The research included sample identification, beverage formulation, antioxidant activity assay using the DPPH method, and analysis of total phenolic and caffeine content using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the antioxidant activity, as indicated by ICâ‚…â‚€ values, was lowest in coffee from Pengaron (202.962 Â± 0.89 ppm), followed by Aranio (166.716 Â± 0.358 ppm), Mataraman (150.043 Â± 0.345 ppm), and the strongest in Bati-Bati (113.242 Â± 0.122 ppm). The total phenolic content ranged from 58.327 Â± 0.017 mg GAE/mL in Pengaron, 83.993 Â± 0.017 in Aranio, 104.536 Â± 0.032 in Mataraman, to 108.646 Â± 0.042 in Bati-Bati. Caffeine levels were 123.876 Â± 0.331, 139.340 Â± 0.238, 175.495 Â± 0.715, and 131.833 Â± 0.620 mg/serving, respectively. The findings reveal a strong positive relationship between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, while caffeine content did not consistently align with antioxidant performance. These findings support the significant role of phenolic compounds in determining the antioxidant potential of South Kalimantanâ€™s local coffee beverages. The highest antioxidant activity and phenolic content were observed in coffee beverages made from Coffea liberica beans originating from Bati-Bati, suggesting its superior potential as a functional beverage with health benefits.

Predicted Factors Related to Medication Compliance and Blood Pressure in Hypertension Patients

Faridah Baroroh — 2026-03-31

Nonadherence to antihypertensive medication is a key factor contributing to treatment-resistant hypertension. The main goal of hypertension treatment is to reduce morbidity and mortality by effectively lowering blood pressure. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing medication adherence and blood pressure regulation in patients with hypertension. This research utilized a retrospective cohort design. Data were gathered using the MARS questionnaire and patient medical records. The study sample consisted of hypertensive outpatients from five community health centers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Data analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. A total of 410 respondents met the inclusion criteria, with the majority being female (75.7%), 67.8% of patients adhered to their medication regimen, while 49.5% had controlled blood pressure. Difficulty remembering to take medication (p=0.010) and difficulty taking medication (p=0.049) were significantly associated with non-adherence. Age (p=0.001) and medication adherence (p=0.037) were also significantly associated with blood pressure control. The study's conclusion showed that adherence to taking medication and age are highly correlated to controlled blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Moreover, several factors related to compliance need to be identified to increase patient compliance and therapy outcomes for outpatient hypertension patients at the health center.

Impact of Drying Time and Temperature Variation on the Antioxidant Activity of Cat's Whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus Benth)

Fahrauk Faramayuda — 2026-03-31

Cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineusÂ Benth.) is an herbal plant knownÂ for its significant antioxidant activity, makingÂ it a valuable resource in traditional medicine. This study aims to investigateÂ the effects of different drying temperatures and durations on the antioxidant activity of cat's whiskersÂ usingÂ the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) reagent. The research was conducted through a systematic analysis of drying temperaturesÂ of 40, 50, and 60Â°C over 1, 2, and 3 days, to establish a correlation between drying parameters and antioxidant activity. Statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA revealedÂ that drying conditions significantly influencedÂ antioxidant activity, whereas waterÂ content remained stable across all treatments. Based on the results, the optimal drying condition is 60Â°C for 1 day, which exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ of 13.62 Î¼g/mL and a waterÂ content of 3.69%. This studyÂ advances scientific knowledge, particularly regarding the most effective drying methods for cat's whiskers to preserve the stability of the plant's bioactive compounds. Ultimately, these findings provide a scientific basis for developing standardized drying protocols to maximizeÂ the therapeutic benefits of cat's whiskers in health applications.

Formulation and Characterization of Gelatin Nanoparticles from Manis Rejo Leaf Extract (Vaccinium variangiaefolium (Bl.) Miq.) with Glutaraldehyde Concentrations Variations as Crosslinker

Yulius Evan Christian — 2026-03-31

Manis Rejo (Vaccinium variangiaefolium (Bl.) Miq.) is a plant that dominates at the Tangkuban Parahu area and grows in mountainous regions. Its leaves contain flavonoids with various benefits. The ethyl acetate extract of these leaves has demonstrated cytotoxic activity, making it a potential active compound in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. This study aimed to investigate the effect of variations in the glutaraldehyde concentration on the characteristics of the gelatination nanoparticles encapsulating the Manis Rejo leaf extract. The organoleptic properties, moisture content, and solubility of the extract were evaluated and then developed into nanoparticles (NPs)Â using the desolvation method with glutaraldehyde concentrations of 100 Âµl, 200 Âµl, and 300 Âµl. The characterization included the nanoparticle stability, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and morphology. The results showed that the extract was green, had a distinctive odor, a dry texture, a moisture content of 4.31%, and was soluble in ethyl acetate (1:10). The nanoparticles remained physically stable for 20 days at room temperature (25 ^oC), with particle sizes of 343.4Â±4.4 nm, 226.3Â±23.1 nm, and 199.7Â±1.6 nm, and PDIs of 0.381Â±0.0234, 0.446Â±0.0895, and 0.177Â±0.0195, respectively. The zeta potential values ranged from 15.8Â±1.1 to 17.8Â±1.1 mV.Â Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)Â analysis of formula III revealed a spherical morphology supporting the nanoparticle stability. Glutaraldehyde variation significantly influenced the particle size and PDI.

Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Bay Leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) Infusion and Captopril in Rats

Amran Nur — 2026-03-31

Captopril, an ACE inhibitor, is commonly prescribed as first-line therapy for hypertension. In practice, patients often combine synthetic drugs with herbal remedies such as bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum), raising concerns about potential interactions. This study investigated the effect of bay leaf infusion on the pharmacokinetic profile of Captopril in white rats (Rattus norvegicus). Ten rats were divided into two groups: group 1 received 25 mg of Captopril, while group 2 received the same dose in combination with bay leaf infusion. Blood samples were collected via the tail vein at 0; 0.5; 1; 2; 4; 6; 12 and 24 hours, and analyzed using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer (205 nm). Pharmacokinetic parameters assessed included absorption rate constant (ka), elimination rate constant (ke), half-life (tÂ½), peak time (tmax), maximum concentration (Cpmax), and area under the curve (AUC). Results showed that bay leaf infusion increased Cpmax (2.646 â†’ 3.105 Âµg/ml), prolonged tÂ½ (3.347 â†’ 16.116 h), and elevated AUC (23.382 â†’ 56.479 ÂµgÂ·h/ml). These findings indicate that bay leaf infusion significantly alters the pharmacokinetic profile of Captopril.

Optimization of Formulation and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Green Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.) Oil Toner

Nesa Agistia — 2026-03-31

Exposure to free radicals can damage the skin. Green betel leaf oil, which has antioxidant activity, can be formulated into a toner. This study aimed to determine the optimal toner formula and Â to evaluate its antioxidant activity. Optimization was performed using a factorial design with two factors: Tween 80 and PEG 400 concentrations. The optimum formula, determined with Design Expert 13, consisted of 10% Tween 80 and 5% PEG 400, with a predicted pH of 5.66 and 99% transmittance. Validation using a One-Sample T-Test showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the predicted and actual results. The optimized toner had a pH of 5.69, a transmittance of 99.2%, a particle size of 12.2 nm, and very strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 43.29 Âµg/mL). In this research, an optimum toner formula was obtained which has good physical properties and very strong antioxidant activity.

Integrative Study on the Binding Energy Calculation: Molecular Docking and Molecular Mechanics with Generalized Born Surface Area Targeting Acetylcholinesterase

Ignasius Widya Parahita Putranto — 2026-03-31

Alzheimer's disease (AD) imposes a significant global financial burden. Previous studies have reported that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is strongly associated with AD, making it a key target in therapeutic research. Molecular docking and computational techniques are increasingly used to study these associations, yet a surge in publications has led to a departure from strictly designed paradigms. This study evaluates the accuracy of the Gibbs free energy of binding (Î”G) from molecular docking scores, Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA), and local Vina scores. The Spearman rank test was applied to compare Î”G predictions and the in vitro results from our previous study. The correlation coefficient for molecular docking was -0.491, the MM/GBSA correlation coefficient calculated at the best molecular docking pose was -0.309, the MM/GBSA correlation coefficient calculated at the last 5 nanoseconds (ns) snapshots was 0.164, and the correlation coefficient of the Vina local score calculated at the last 5 ns snapshots was 0.273. Our findings indicate that the Î”G prediction from the Vina local score for the last 5 ns shows the strongest correlation with in vitro results.

Antibiotic Use Patterns in Obstetric and Gynecological Surgery Patients: A Quantitative Descriptive Study Using ATC/DDD and DU90% Methods

Maryamah Azzahra — 2026-03-31

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are common postoperative complications in obstetric and gynecological surgery, with incidence rates up to 20% in cesarean sections. Antibiotics are the primary strategy for SSI prevention; however, antibiotic utilization patterns in this surgical setting remain poorly characterized locally. This study describes the antibiotic use profile, AWaRe classification, DDD/100 patient-days values, and DU90% segment among obstetric and gynecological surgery patients at Ulin Regional General Hospital, Banjarmasin, in 2024. A retrospective, non-experimental quantitative descriptive design was employed. Of 313 medical records reviewed, 137 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 173 antibiotic prescriptions were identified. Ceftriaxone was the most frequently used antibiotic (61.84%), with cephalosporins predominating (91.91%) and parenteral administration in 75.72% of cases. Based on the WHO AWaRe 2022 classification, 85.55% of antibiotics were in the Watch group and 13.29% in the Access group; no Reserve antibiotics were used. Ceftriaxone had the highest DDD/100 patient-days (33.74). Ceftriaxone and cefixime comprised the DU90% segment. These findings highlight a predominance of Watch-group antibiotics and support the need for targeted stewardship interventions

Molecular Basis for the Enhanced CDK2 Inhibition by Artesunate: Superior Binding Affinity to the ATP-Catalytic Site

Mohammad Rizki Fadhil Pratama — 2026-03-31

This study aimed to identify the most potent CDK2 inhibitor among seven artemisinin derivatives and, critically, to elucidate its binding mechanism and compare its affinity with that of the natural ligand, ATP. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock 4.2.6 toward inactive and active forms of CDK2. Ligands were optimized using the Hartree-Fock method basis set 6-311G. Blind docking on the active form was used to determine the inhibition mechanism, employing the free energy of binding (Î”G) and dissociation constant (K_i) as affinity markers. Artesunate was the most potent derivative, exhibiting the highest affinity towards the active CDK2 form, with a Î”G of -11.7 kcal/mol and a K_i of 2.66 nM. Blind docking confirmed an ATP-competitive inhibition mechanism. Remarkably, Artesunate's K_i was significantly lower than that of ATP (8.73 nM). This enhanced affinity is attributed to specific interactions between the hemisuccinate side chain and the critical amino acid region, from 13-Gly to 16-Gly. Artesunate is suggested as a potent, ATP-competitive CDK2 inhibitor with an affinity exceeding that of ATP. These hypothesis-generating results suggest anticancer potential, yet require validation via MD or assays; limitations like scoring bias and protein flexibility necessitate cautious interpretation regarding the 13-Gly to 16-Gly target.

Total Flavonoid Content, Antibacterial Activity and In Silico Toxicity Prediction of Ethanolic Extract from Murraya koenigii Leaves against Streptococcus mutans

Haris Munandar Nasution — 2026-03-31

Dental caries is a chronic disease exclusive to humans and remains one of the most prevalent oral health problems worldwide. The increasing emergence of antibiotic resistance and the adverse effects associated with conventional antimicrobials have encouraged the exploration of natural plant-derived compounds for caries prevention. Murraya koenigiiÂ leaves are widely used as a culinary ingredient and are known to possess various therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities.Â This study aimed to evaluate the total flavonoid content, antibacterial activity, and in silicoÂ toxicity profile of the ethanolic extract of M. koenigiiÂ leaves against Streptococcus mutans, a primary cariogenic pathogen. Total flavonoid content was determined using the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, while antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar disk diffusion assay. The toxicity profile of major flavonoid constituents was further analyzed using in silico ADMET prediction tools.Â The results showed that the ethanolic extract of M. koenigiiÂ leaves contained a high total flavonoid content (281.83 Â± 10.23 mg QE/g extract) and exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, producing inhibition zones ranging from 14.4 to 19.4 mm in a concentration-dependent manner. In silicoÂ analysis indicated that the major flavonoid constituents possessed favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics with low predicted toxicity risks.Â These findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of M. koenigiiÂ leaves is rich in flavonoids and demonstrates significant antibacterial potential, supporting its promise as a natural antibacterial agent for oral health applications. Further studies focusing on compound isolation, formulation development, and in vivoÂ validation are recommended.

Metabolite Profiling of The Antioxidant Properties of The Aquatic Plant Cyperus involucratus Employing UHPLC-HRMS

Ari Sri Windyaswari — 2026-03-31

The genus Cyperus is widely recognized as decorative flora. Empirically, Cyperus plants have been utilized to treat wounds, inflammation, and digestive disorders. While the genus is reported to exhibit antioxidant properties, scientific data regarding Cyperus involucratus remains limited. This research aimed to identify antioxidant compounds in C. involucratus using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). The C. involucratus methanolic extract was obtained through maceration using a 70% methanol solvent. Separation was performed using a UHPLC gradient system with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min , while compound identification was conducted using a Quadrupole-Orbitrap MS detector in positive mode. The radical scavenging activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The analysis identified 175 metabolites within the methanolic extract. Based on mzCloud library matching with confidence scores of 97.4â€“100%, 12 primary bioactive compounds were identified: oleamide, Î± -linolenic acid, kaempferol, scutellarin, hexadecanamide, 1-linoleoyl glycerol, 1-stearoy-rac-lglycerol, adenine, adenosine, L-tyrosine, stearamide and nootkatone. The extract possessed a moderate radical scavenger with an IC₅₀ value of 57.94 Î¼g/mL. These findings provide a scientific foundation for further investigation of C. involucratus as a potential natural antioxidant, although further in vivo studies are required to validate its broader pharmacological outcomes.

Evaluation of the Rationality of the Use of Antibiotics in Paediatric Diarrheal Patients in Hospital Inpatient Facilities in the City of Bandung

Linda Purnamawati Suherman — 2026-03-31

Diarrhoea in children is often associated with irrational antibiotic use, even though the cause is not bacterial infection. Excessive antibiotic use can increase antibiotic resistance, a significant problem in healthcare. This study aimed to evaluate the rationality of antibiotic use in paediatric inpatients with diarrhoea at a single hospital in Bandung, including demographic characteristics, types of antibiotics used, and appropriate indication, drug selection, dosage, and administration intervals. This study was observational, using a non-experimental descriptive analysis design. Data collection was conducted retrospectively from January to December 2024. Out of a total population of 229 patient medical records, 54 patient medical records met the inclusion criteria and were used as the study sample. The rationality of drug use refers to the Indonesian Ministry of Healthâ€™s guideline. The results showed that 55.6% of patients were male, with toddlers (46.2%) being the largest age group. Ceftriaxone was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic (24%). The rationality of antibiotic use was 100% for indications and drug selection, 94.4% for dosage, and 90.7% for the interval between doses. However, the identified discrepancies in dosage (5.6%) and administration intervals (9.3%) require immediate attention to minimize the risk of therapeutic failure and antibiotic resistance.Â

Evaluation of Extraction Methods on the Antioxidant Potential of Balik Angin Leaves Ethanol Extract (Alphitonia incana (Roxb.) Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz)

Putri Indah Sayakti — 2026-03-31

Alphitonia incana, also known locally as balik angin, is an endemic natural antioxidant plant of Borneo. The objective of the present work was to compare the effectiveness of maceration and Soxhlet extraction of balik angin leaves with respect to antioxidant activity and phenolicâ€“flavonoid content. Ethanolic extracts were prepared using both extraction methods, and the phenolic-flavonoid content was quantified spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant performance was assessed through DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP assays. The findings revealed that the Soxhlet-derived extract contained higher concentrations of phenolic-flavonoid compounds than those produced by maceration. In addition, the Soxhlet-derived extract demonstrated stronger antioxidant activity, as evidenced by lower ICâ‚…â‚€ and ECâ‚…â‚€ values in the DPPH (10.872 ppm) and CUPRAC (6.578 ppm) assays compared with the macerated extract (ICâ‚…â‚€ 13.127 ppm; ECâ‚…â‚€ 14.034 ppm) and was classified as a very strong antioxidant. The FRAP assay further supported these results, with ferric reducing power values of 1,484.1 mg AAE/g extract for the Soxhlet-derived extract and 1,295.8 mg AAE/g extract for the macerated sample. Overall, the study concludes that Soxhlet extraction is more effective than maceration in enhancing the antioxidant potential of balik angin leaf, a result that is closely associated with their elevated phenolic and flavonoid content.

Acute Oral Toxicity of Methanolic Extracts from the Fruit and Leaf of Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa Blume) in Mice

Annisa Farida Muti — 2026-03-31

Medinilla speciosa Blume, or parijoto, contains flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins with pharmacological potential. However, information regarding its safety profile, particularly acute toxicity data, is still very limited, so research is needed to evaluate its safety level. This study aims to evaluate the acute oral toxicity of M. speciosa leaf and fruit extracts in ddY mice. This study used a true experimental design. M. speciosa leaf and fruit extracts were obtained by ultrasonic-assisted extraction with methanol as a solvent. The acute oral toxicity test was conducted with a fixed-dose method at a single dose of 2000 mg/kgBW. Parameters observed for 14 days included mortality, clinical symptoms of toxicity, body weight changes, relative organ weights, and histopathological analysis of the liver and kidneys. The findings indicated an absence of fatalities across all treatment groups. The LD₅₀ values for both extracts were determined to exceed 2000 mg/kgBW, categorising the fruit and leaf extracts as mildly toxic (category 5). Mild toxic symptoms were only observed in the treatment group receiving the fruit extract. Histopathological analysis of the liver and kidneys revealed mild cellular changes that were not statistically significant. Therefore, a single oral administration of M. speciosa fruit and leaf extracts at doses up to 2000 mg/kgBW is relatively safe.

In silico Evaluation of Quercetin and Apigenin from Litsea angulata as Potential Dual Binders of DPP-4 and SUR1

Aulia Rhamadani Arfan — 2026-03-31

Litsea angulata leaves have traditionally been used for diabetes management; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying their antidiabetic activity remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction potential of two major flavonoids from L. angulata, quercetin and apigenin, against two protein targets associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4, PDB ID: 1X70) and sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1, PDB ID: 5YKG). Ligand structures were optimized using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31G level, followed by molecular docking simulations using AutoDock Vina. Sitagliptin and glibenclamide were used as reference ligands for DPP-4 and SUR1, respectively. The docking results showed that quercetin and apigenin exhibited moderate binding affinities toward DPP-4 (â€“8.0 and â€“7.5 kcal/mol), interacting with key residues including Arg125 and Tyr547. In contrast, both flavonoids demonstrated stronger predicted binding energies toward SUR1 (â€“9.1 and â€“9.0 kcal/mol) compared with glibenclamide (â€“8.8 kcal/mol), although the interactions occurred at residues different from the primary functional binding site. The proteinâ€“ligand interactions were mainly stabilized by Ï€â€“Ï€ stacking and van der Waals interactions rather than strong hydrogen bonds. Additional in silico analysis indicated that both compounds possess favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties based on ADME prediction, while toxicity assessment suggested relatively acceptable safety profiles. These findings indicate that quercetin and apigenin may serve as promising flavonoid scaffolds for the development of antidiabetic agents targeting multiple proteins involved in glucose regulation. Further experimental studies are required to validate their pharmacological activity and clarify their mechanisms of action.

Molecular Docking Studies and ADME-Tox Prediction of Phytocompounds from Lycopersicon esculentum mill. as a Drug Candidate for Alopecia Treatment

Zulpakor Oktoba — 2026-03-31

Alopecia is a disorder of the hair follicles that causes hair loss, either in limited areas or throughout the entire body. This study aims to evaluate the potential and molecular interactions of compounds found in the Rampai plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The Rampai plant is known to contain various secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, arbutin, amygdalin, and pectin, which have the potential to be developed as antialopecia drug candidates through an in-silico approach to androgen receptors (PDB ID: 4K7A) and ADME-Tox profile predictions. The in-silico approach was conducted using the molecular docking method to predict the interaction between the active compounds from the Rampai plant and the androgen receptor using Autodock Tools 1.5.7 and Vina software, while the ADME-Tox analysis was conducted through the pkCSM platform. The molecular docking results showed that the reference ligand (Minoxidil) had an affinity energy of âˆ’7.353 kcal/mol, while the test compound with the best affinity was isorhamnetin with a value of âˆ’8.398 kcal/mol, which was lower (more stable) than Minoxidil. In addition, the ADME-Tox prediction results for isorhamnetin show favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics, especially in terms of skin permeability, absorption and distribution. Thus, isorhamnetin has the potential as an androgen receptor antagonist and a role in the development of therapies for alopecia.

Lumbricus rubellus Earthworm Extract Hydrogel for Treatment of Diabetic Ulcer Wounds

Diana Tri Lestari — 2026-03-31

A diabetic ulcer is a complication that requires serious treatment because it is the highest cause of amputation. This condition has an impact on the morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomics of people with diabetes. Therefore, accuracy is needed in managing diabetic ulcers, one of which is natural ingredients that have potential as topical ulcer medicines, namely the Lumbricus rubellus earthworm. This study aims to find out the most effective formula for the treatment of diabetic ulcer wounds. The formula for this drug candidate is made using the hydrogel preparation formulation using an HPMC 940 base with variations in the active ingredient of lumbricus worm extract of 20%, 50%, and 80% to obtain the desired hydrogel preparation. The candidate drug will be tested, namely physical tests including organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, viscosity tests, spreadability tests, and adhesive tests. After that in vivo trial using Wistar rat experiments. The results of the organoleptic test showed that the three formulas were in gel form with a distinctive extract odor, but the three preparations showed different colors, namely brownish yellow, dark brown, and blackish brown. The three formulations appear homogeneous, having a pH between 4.36 and 4.44 and a viscosity between 5,376 cp and 5,894 cp. The spreading power in formulas 2 and 3 is good, and formula 2 has good adhesion. The results of this study demonstrate that the group treated with 50% L. rubellus topical extract experienced the most significant and rapid wound healing among all intervention groups. L. rubellus extract can be used as a topical gel preparation for wound care, with the best formulation at a concentration of 50%.

In Vitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Patindis Leaf Extract (Urophyllum arboreum) and Microneedle Acne Patch against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus

Hayatun Izma — 2026-03-31

Acne vulgaris is a cutaneous disorder associated with Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of patindis leaf extract (Urophyllum arboreum) and its microneedle acne patch against both bacteria. The extract was prepared from dried simplicia by maceration using 96% ethanol. Phytochemical screening was conducted using test-tube methods. Antibacterial testing included determination of inhibition zone diameter using the well-diffusion method, as well as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Clindamycin 1% was used as a positive control, while 20% DMSO and microneedle patches without extract served as negative controls. The U. arboreum leaf extract contained flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, condensed tannins and terpenoids. At concentrations of 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5%, the extract produced inhibition zones of 12.368, 14.693, 18.403 mm against P. acnes and 14.523, 17.408, 18.840 mm against S. aureus, respectively. The MIC and MBC values against both bacteria were 0.625%. The microneedle acne patch formulations produced inhibition zones of 9.196 mm (F1), 10.140 mm (F2), and 10.713 mm (F3) against P. acnes, but showed no activity against S. aureus. These results indicate that the microneedle acne patch containing U. arboreum leaf extract has potential as an alternative topical antibacterial agent.